Difference between revisions of "Foundations - Cells, organelles and cell boundaries"
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==Introduction== | ==Introduction== | ||
− | [[File: | + | [[File:Mark08.jpg|thumb|150px|Dr Mark Hill]] |
− | + | This lecture is currently being updated for 2018 as an online self-directed learning exercise. | |
+ | Please work through the following 7 online content sections each consisting of a lecture concept explained in a 5 minute video. When you have finished the entire series then attempt the online Moodle quiz. | ||
− | '''Lecture:''' [http://cellbiology.med.unsw.edu.au/cellbiology/index.php?title=Foundations_-_Cells,_organelles_and_cell_boundaries&oldid=40943 2012 Page] | [[Media:Foundations - Cells 2012.pdf|2012 14 pages PDF]] | + | {| |
+ | |-bgcolor="CEDFF2" | ||
+ | ! width=400px|Lecture pages | ||
+ | ! About each page | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | | ||
+ | # [[Foundations-Cells-1|'''Introduction to cells and sizes''']] | ||
+ | # [[Foundations-Cells-2|'''Prokaryotes''']] | ||
+ | # [[Foundations-Cells-3|'''Viruses and prions''']] | ||
+ | # [[Foundations-Cells-4|'''Plasma Membrane''']] | ||
+ | # [[Foundations-Cells-5|'''Compartments''']] | ||
+ | # [[Foundations-Cells-6|'''Components''']] | ||
+ | # [[Foundations-Cells-7|'''Specialisations''']] | ||
+ | | Each page has the same components: | ||
+ | # Video - at the top of each page and each is about 5 minutes in length. Watch this first by clicking the play arrow to begin. | ||
+ | # Links - to all the other online pages. Directly under the video. | ||
+ | # Terms - a simplified glossary of terms used in the video content. | ||
+ | # Text version - content shown in video. This includes images, videos and links to online cell biology textbooks. | ||
+ | |} | ||
+ | |||
+ | |||
+ | {{Foundations - Cells pages}} | ||
+ | {| | ||
+ | ! Cells | ||
+ | ! Organelles and Boundaries | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | [[File:Cells.jpg|400px]] | ||
+ | |||
+ | Our cells are dynamic | ||
+ | | [[File:Membrane_compartments.jpg|400px|Typical cell membrane bound compartments]] | ||
+ | |||
+ | Our cells contain many membrane bound compartments | ||
+ | |} | ||
+ | |||
+ | <html5media height="520" width="640">File:Neutrophil_chasing_bacteria.mp4</html5media> | ||
+ | |||
+ | {| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" | ||
+ | ! Lecture Archive | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | Below is the previous lecture as it was presented in "face to face format" in 2017. | ||
+ | |||
+ | |||
+ | |||
+ | '''Lecture:''' [https://cellbiology.med.unsw.edu.au/cellbiology/index.php?title=Foundations_-_Cells,_organelles_and_cell_boundaries&oldid=75250 2017] | [[Media:2016_Foundations_-_Cells,_organelles_and_cell_boundaries_-_CellBiology.pdf|2016 Lecture PDF]] | [https://cellbiology.med.unsw.edu.au/cellbiology/index.php?title=Foundations_-_Cells,_organelles_and_cell_boundaries&oldid=57545 2016] | [https://cellbiology.med.unsw.edu.au/cellbiology/index.php?title=Foundations_-_Cells,_organelles_and_cell_boundaries&oldid=50767 2015] | [http://php.med.unsw.edu.au/cellbiology/index.php?title=Foundations_-_Cells,_organelles_and_cell_boundaries&oldid=47673 2014] | [[Media:Foundations_2013_-_Cells_organelles_and_cell_boundaries.pdf|2013 14 pages PDF]] | [http://php.med.unsw.edu.au/cellbiology/index.php?title=Foundations_-_Cells,_organelles_and_cell_boundaries&oldid=40943 2012 Page] | [[Media:Foundations - Cells 2012.pdf|2012 14 pages PDF]] | ||
+ | |||
+ | |||
+ | The 2 major classes of cells are defined by the presence of a nucleus; '''Eukaryotic''' and absence of a nucleus '''Prokaryotic'''. | ||
− | |||
Eukaryotes can be further divided into unicellular (only one cell, like prokaryotes) and multicellular (like us) organisms. | Eukaryotes can be further divided into unicellular (only one cell, like prokaryotes) and multicellular (like us) organisms. | ||
+ | |||
A major difference between eukayotes and prokaryotes is the presence of physical compartments (membrane bound) and organelles within the cell. These compartments allow the separation/specialization of processes within the cell. There also exist within each of these physical compartments, functional compartments where specific processes may occur or are restricted. | A major difference between eukayotes and prokaryotes is the presence of physical compartments (membrane bound) and organelles within the cell. These compartments allow the separation/specialization of processes within the cell. There also exist within each of these physical compartments, functional compartments where specific processes may occur or are restricted. | ||
+ | |||
This lecture is also an introduction to cell compartments and describes the structure of membranes forming these compartments. | This lecture is also an introduction to cell compartments and describes the structure of membranes forming these compartments. | ||
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|} | |} | ||
− | + | {| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" | |
− | Cell History | + | ! Cell History |
+ | |- | ||
+ | | Background only, you do not need to know the details. | ||
[[Image:RobertHookeMicrographia1665.jpg|thumb|right|Cork Bark by Robert Hooke 1665]] | [[Image:RobertHookeMicrographia1665.jpg|thumb|right|Cork Bark by Robert Hooke 1665]] | ||
* Robert Hooke (1635-1703) - used early microscopes to view cork tree bark, first to use the term CELL. | * Robert Hooke (1635-1703) - used early microscopes to view cork tree bark, first to use the term CELL. | ||
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** The cell is the basic unit of structure for all cells. | ** The cell is the basic unit of structure for all cells. | ||
** All cells arise only from preexisting cells. | ** All cells arise only from preexisting cells. | ||
+ | |} | ||
==Divisions of Life== | ==Divisions of Life== | ||
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− | ''Karyote from the Greek, ''Karyose'' = kernel, as in a kernel of grain; | + | ''Karyote from the Greek, ''Karyose'' = kernel, as in a kernel of grain; referring to the presence or absence of a nucleus.'' |
== Prokaryote == | == Prokaryote == | ||
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:'''Links:''' The Cell- A Molecular Approach | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/books/bv.fcgi?db=Books&rid=cooper.table.91 Table 1.1. Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/books/bv.fcgi?db=Books&rid=cooper.table.1198 Antibiotic Inhibitors of Protein Synthesis] | '''Molecular Cell Biology''' [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/books/bv.fcgi?db=Books&rid=mcb.figgrp.3176 Figure 12-6. DNA replication and cell division in a prokaryote] | '''Biochemistry''' [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/books/bv.fcgi?db=Books&rid=stryer.figgrp.3980 Figure 28.15. Transcription and Translation] two processes are closely coupled in prokaryotes, whereas they are spacially and temporally separate in eukaryotes. | :'''Links:''' The Cell- A Molecular Approach | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/books/bv.fcgi?db=Books&rid=cooper.table.91 Table 1.1. Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/books/bv.fcgi?db=Books&rid=cooper.table.1198 Antibiotic Inhibitors of Protein Synthesis] | '''Molecular Cell Biology''' [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/books/bv.fcgi?db=Books&rid=mcb.figgrp.3176 Figure 12-6. DNA replication and cell division in a prokaryote] | '''Biochemistry''' [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/books/bv.fcgi?db=Books&rid=stryer.figgrp.3980 Figure 28.15. Transcription and Translation] two processes are closely coupled in prokaryotes, whereas they are spacially and temporally separate in eukaryotes. | ||
− | == Virus == | + | ==Biological (but not alive)== |
+ | === Virus === | ||
{| | {| | ||
| | | | ||
* single compartment, '''no membranes''' | * single compartment, '''no membranes''' | ||
− | * not | + | * not alive, infects living cells (Latin, ''virus'' = toxin or poison) |
− | |||
* unable to grow or reproduce outside a host cell | * unable to grow or reproduce outside a host cell | ||
* Infect different hosts (animal, plant and bacterial) | * Infect different hosts (animal, plant and bacterial) | ||
− | * Classified | + | * Classified - RNA or DNA viruses; double or single stranded |
− | |||
− | |||
− | |||
− | + | ||
− | | [[ | + | * '''Virion''' - virus particle, the infective agent, contains the genetic material, DNA or RNA within a protective protein coat (capsid) |
+ | * '''Bacteriophage''' - A virus that infects bacteria | ||
+ | | [[File:Zika virus TEM02.jpg|200px|Zika virus]] | ||
+ | |||
+ | Zika virus | ||
+ | | [[File:CDCherpes.jpg|200px|Herpes virus - CDC electron micrograph]] | ||
Herpes virus | Herpes virus | ||
|} | |} | ||
+ | [http://www.nature.com/news/giant-virus-resurrected-from-30-000-year-old-ice-1.14801 Nature 3Mar14 - Giant virus resurrected from 30,000-year-old ice] | ||
+ | |||
+ | :'''Links:''' [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/books/bv.fcgi?db=Books&rid=mcb.section.1408 MCB - Viruses: Structure, Function, and Uses] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/books/bv.fcgi?db=Books&rid=mcb.figgrp.1437 MCB - Retroviral life cycle] | [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Rpj0emEGShQ&feature=PlayList&p=49AA6FE8E2B8C71F&index=1 NPR - Virus Infection] | [http://www.cdc.gov/norovirus/images/trends-outbreaks-fig3-lg.jpg Foodbourne Illness] | ||
− | * | + | === Prion === |
− | + | {| | |
+ | | | ||
+ | * an infectious prion protein, no compartments, no membrane | ||
+ | * not alive, misfolded normal protein (three-dimensional structure), can form aggregates | ||
− | |||
− | + | * '''Creutzfeldt-Jacob disease''' (CJD) and Kuru a human neural prion disease | |
− | + | * Variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (vCJD) Brain caused by consumption of food of bovine origin contaminated with the agent of Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE). | |
− | + | * '''Bovine spongiform encephalopathyvery''' (BSE) in cattle, "mad cow disease" | |
− | + | * '''Scrapie''' in sheep | |
− | |||
− | |||
− | |||
− | |||
− | |||
− | ** Bovine spongiform encephalopathyvery (BSE) in cattle, "mad cow disease" | ||
− | * | ||
+ | :'''Links:''' [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0001792 Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease] | Molecular Biology of the Cell [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/bookshelf/br.fcgi?book=mboc4&part=A972&rendertype=figure&id=A1115 Figure 6-89. Protein aggregates that cause human disease] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/books/bv.fcgi?db=Books&rid=mboc4.section.4612#4635 Prions Are Infectious Proteins] | Gene Reviews [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/bookshelf/br.fcgi?book=gene&part=prion#prion Prions] | Neuroscience [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/books/bv.fcgi?db=Books&rid=neurosci.box.1305 Prion Disease] | ||
+ | | [[File:VCJD brain.png|200px]] | ||
− | + | Variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (vCJD) Brain | |
− | + | |} | |
− | |||
== Biological Levels == | == Biological Levels == | ||
− | + | {| | |
+ | | | ||
Cells can be "broken down" into smaller and smaller constituent "parts" | Cells can be "broken down" into smaller and smaller constituent "parts" | ||
− | # Whole cell | + | # '''Whole cell''' |
− | # Organelles - nucleus, mitochondria, | + | # '''Organelles''' - nucleus, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi |
− | # Components - membrane, channels, receptors | + | # '''Components''' - membrane, channels, receptors |
− | # Biological polymers - DNA, RNA, Protein, sugars, cellulose (chains of molecules, consisting of monomer subunits) | + | # '''Biological polymers''' - DNA, RNA, Protein, sugars, cellulose (chains of molecules, consisting of monomer subunits) |
− | # Organic molecules - nucleotides, amino acids, carbohydrate (monomer subunits) | + | # '''Organic molecules''' - nucleotides, amino acids, carbohydrate (monomer subunits) |
+ | | [[File:Membrane_compartments.jpg|300px]] | ||
+ | Typical cell membrane bound compartments | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | | | ||
=== Eukaryotic Cell Organelles === | === Eukaryotic Cell Organelles === | ||
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* Membrane bound (enclosed) - specialized part of a cell that has its own particular function | * Membrane bound (enclosed) - specialized part of a cell that has its own particular function | ||
* forms "compartments" within the cell | * forms "compartments" within the cell | ||
+ | | | ||
+ | |} | ||
== Plasma Membrane Images== | == Plasma Membrane Images== | ||
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− | '''Links:''' [[Membrane Images]] | [http://biology.plosjournals.org/perlserv/?request=get-document&doi=10.1371/journal.pbio.0020329 Serial Scanning Electron Microscopy] | + | '''Links:''' [[Membrane Images]] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK21055/figure/A1862/ RBC membrane] | [http://biology.plosjournals.org/perlserv/?request=get-document&doi=10.1371/journal.pbio.0020329 Serial Scanning Electron Microscopy] |
== Compartments == | == Compartments == | ||
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== Membrane Components == | == Membrane Components == | ||
+ | Model of Cell (plasma) membrane structure | ||
− | [[ | + | [[File:Cell_membrane.png|center|600px]] |
* '''phospholipids''', '''proteins''' and '''cholesterol''' | * '''phospholipids''', '''proteins''' and '''cholesterol''' | ||
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* prokaryotes (bacteria) just this 1 compartment | * prokaryotes (bacteria) just this 1 compartment | ||
* eukaryotic cells many different compartments | * eukaryotic cells many different compartments | ||
+ | |||
+ | |||
=== Phospholipids === | === Phospholipids === | ||
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− | {| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed" | + | {| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" |
! Membranes History | ! Membranes History | ||
|- | |- | ||
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=== Membrane Proteins === | === Membrane Proteins === | ||
+ | |||
+ | [[File:Membrane model 02.jpg|600px]] | ||
+ | |||
+ | Model of membrane proteins and dimensions | ||
+ | |||
+ | :'''Links:''' [[:File:Membrane model 01.jpg|image - Membrane model A,B,C]] | [[:File:Membrane model 02.jpg|image - Membrane model dimensions]] | [[:File:Membrane model 03.jpg|image - Membrane model outside]] | [[:File:Membrane model 04.jpg|image - Membrane model inside]] | ||
* 20-30% of the genome encodes membrane proteins PMID 9568909 | * 20-30% of the genome encodes membrane proteins PMID 9568909 | ||
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Note - bacterial membranes (except for Mycoplasma and some methylotrophic bacteria) have no sterols, they lack the enzymes required for sterol biosynthesis. | Note - bacterial membranes (except for Mycoplasma and some methylotrophic bacteria) have no sterols, they lack the enzymes required for sterol biosynthesis. | ||
− | [[ | + | [[File:Cell_membrane.png|600px]] |
Model of Cell (plasma) membrane structure | Model of Cell (plasma) membrane structure | ||
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===Fluidity === | ===Fluidity === | ||
[[File:Neutrophil activation membrane reorganisation.png|thumb|Neutrophil activation membrane reorganisation]] | [[File:Neutrophil activation membrane reorganisation.png|thumb|Neutrophil activation membrane reorganisation]] | ||
− | |||
− | |||
− | |||
− | |||
− | + | Membranes can demonstrate both high fluidity and fixed domains (regions)??? | |
− | + | * Experiments wit fusion of 2 cells, FRAP | |
+ | * membrane domains (polarized cells) - epithelia have apical, basal and lateral domains | ||
+ | |||
+ | |||
− | |||
+ | <html5media height="460" width="640">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jM_xePC70Yo</html5media> | ||
− | '''Links:''' [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/bv.fcgi?highlight=FRAP&rid=mcb.figgrp.1162 FRAP] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/bv.fcgi?highlight=Membrane%20Proteins&rid=mcb.figgrp.1161 MBC - Membrane Fluidity] | + | :'''Links:''' [https://youtu.be/jM_xePC70Yo MBoC - Membrane Fluidity movie] [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/bv.fcgi?highlight=FRAP&rid=mcb.figgrp.1162 FRAP] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/bv.fcgi?highlight=Membrane%20Proteins&rid=mcb.figgrp.1161 MBC - Membrane Fluidity]| |
===Specializations === | ===Specializations === | ||
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* 75 + different ion channels, opening/closing, “gating” of ions | * 75 + different ion channels, opening/closing, “gating” of ions | ||
− | + | ||
− | + | ||
− | + | ||
− | + | ||
− | + | <center>"''Sometimes you eat the bacteria and sometimes... well, he eats you''"</center> | |
− | |||
==Additional Information== | ==Additional Information== | ||
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* 1989 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1970161 Collins] (US), [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2669523 Tsui and Riordan] (Canada) | * 1989 [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1970161 Collins] (US), [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2669523 Tsui and Riordan] (Canada) | ||
* Chloride channel - protein mutation point mutant, folded improperly, trapped and degraded in ER | * Chloride channel - protein mutation point mutant, folded improperly, trapped and degraded in ER | ||
+ | |||
+ | |||
+ | ===Ion Channel Types=== | ||
+ | 3 rapid + 1 slow gate (gap junction) | ||
+ | * Voltage-gated - propogation of electrical signals along nerve, muscle | ||
+ | * Ligand-gated - opened by non-covalent, reversible binding of ligand between nerve cells, nerve-muscle, gland cells | ||
+ | * Mechanical-gated - regulated by mechanical deformation | ||
+ | * Gap junction - allow ions to flow between adjacent cells open/close in response to Ca<sup>2+</sup> and protons | ||
=== Textbook References === | === Textbook References === | ||
+ | Here are some Cell Biology online textbooks for further general reading on these topics. | ||
* '''Molecular Biology of the Cell''': [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/books/bv.fcgi?db=Books&rid=cell.table.576 Some Important Discoveries in the History of Light Microscopy] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/books/bv.fcgi?db=Books&rid=cell.figgrp.83 The evolution of higher animals and plants (Figure 1-38)] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/books/bv.fcgi?db=Books&rid=cell.section.25#60 From Procaryotes to Eucaryotes] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/books/bv.fcgi?db=Books&rid=cell.section.61#82 From Single Cells to Multicellular Organisms] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/books/bv.fcgi?db=Books&rid=cell.box.79 Some of the different types of cells present in the vertebrate body] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/bookshelf/br.fcgi?book=cell&part=A2443 Chapter 10 - Membrane Structure] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/books/bv.fcgi?db=Books&rid=mboc4.figgrp.1862 Three views of a cell membrane] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/books/bv.fcgi?db=Books&rid=cell.figgrp.83 The evolution of higher animals and plants (Figure 1-38)] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/books/bv.fcgi?db=Books&rid=cell.section.25#60 From Procaryotes to Eucaryotes] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/books/bv.fcgi?db=Books&rid=cell.section.61#82 From Single Cells to Multicellular Organisms] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/books/bv.fcgi?db=Books&rid=cell.box.79 Some of the different types of cells present in the vertebrate body] | * '''Molecular Biology of the Cell''': [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/books/bv.fcgi?db=Books&rid=cell.table.576 Some Important Discoveries in the History of Light Microscopy] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/books/bv.fcgi?db=Books&rid=cell.figgrp.83 The evolution of higher animals and plants (Figure 1-38)] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/books/bv.fcgi?db=Books&rid=cell.section.25#60 From Procaryotes to Eucaryotes] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/books/bv.fcgi?db=Books&rid=cell.section.61#82 From Single Cells to Multicellular Organisms] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/books/bv.fcgi?db=Books&rid=cell.box.79 Some of the different types of cells present in the vertebrate body] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/bookshelf/br.fcgi?book=cell&part=A2443 Chapter 10 - Membrane Structure] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/books/bv.fcgi?db=Books&rid=mboc4.figgrp.1862 Three views of a cell membrane] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/books/bv.fcgi?db=Books&rid=cell.figgrp.83 The evolution of higher animals and plants (Figure 1-38)] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/books/bv.fcgi?db=Books&rid=cell.section.25#60 From Procaryotes to Eucaryotes] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/books/bv.fcgi?db=Books&rid=cell.section.61#82 From Single Cells to Multicellular Organisms] | [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/books/bv.fcgi?db=Books&rid=cell.box.79 Some of the different types of cells present in the vertebrate body] | ||
− | |||
− | * '''The Cell- A Molecular Approach''': [ | + | * '''Molecular Cell Biology''': [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK21665/ The Architecture of Cells] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK21629/ Microscopy and Cell Architecture] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK21743/ Organelles of the Eukaryotic Cell] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK21583/ Biomembranes] |
+ | |||
+ | * '''The Cell- A Molecular Approach''': [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK9925/ An Overview of Cells and Cell Research] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK9928/ Cell Mmebranes] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK9941/ Tools of Cell Biology] | ||
===Search Online Textbooks=== | ===Search Online Textbooks=== | ||
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* '''1992''' [http://jcb.rupress.org/cgi/content/full/172/2/166 Lipid raft idea is floated] Gerrit van Meer and Kai Simons get the first hints of lipid rafts based on lipid sorting experiments. | * '''1992''' [http://jcb.rupress.org/cgi/content/full/172/2/166 Lipid raft idea is floated] Gerrit van Meer and Kai Simons get the first hints of lipid rafts based on lipid sorting experiments. | ||
+ | |} | ||
− | - | + | {{Foundations - Cells pages}} |
− | |||
− | |||
− | |||
− | |||
[[Category:Medicine-Undergraduate]] [[Category:Foundations]] | [[Category:Medicine-Undergraduate]] [[Category:Foundations]] |
Latest revision as of 12:21, 4 July 2018
Introduction
This lecture is currently being updated for 2018 as an online self-directed learning exercise.
Please work through the following 7 online content sections each consisting of a lecture concept explained in a 5 minute video. When you have finished the entire series then attempt the online Moodle quiz.
Lecture pages | About each page |
---|---|
Each page has the same components:
|
- Draft - this online lecture is currently in 2019 draft status. This notice removed when completed.
Cells and Membranes: 1 Cells and sizes | 2 Prokaryotes | 3 Viruses and prions | 4 Plasma membrane | 5 Compartments | 6 Membrane structure | 7 Membrane specialisations | Foundations - Moodle |
Cells | Organelles and Boundaries |
---|---|
![]() Our cells are dynamic |
![]() Our cells contain many membrane bound compartments |
Lecture Archive | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Below is the previous lecture as it was presented in "face to face format" in 2017.
Lecture: 2017 | 2016 Lecture PDF | 2016 | 2015 | 2014 | 2013 14 pages PDF | 2012 Page | 2012 14 pages PDF
About Human BodyHuman Cells
Flora
Cell Sizes
Divisions of LifeProkaryotic
Eukaryotic
Unicellular and Multicellular
Prokaryote
Prokaryotes Cell Wall
(MH - note that some unicellular eukaryotes can also have a cell wall)
Bacterial Replication
Prokaryote Mycoplasmas
Biological (but not alive)VirusNature 3Mar14 - Giant virus resurrected from 30,000-year-old ice
Prion
Biological LevelsPlasma Membrane ImagesThe cell membrane (plasma membrane or plasmalemma) encloses or covers all cell types and is 7 nanometers thick (1000 times smaller than the RBC). Here are some different ways of looking microscopically at membranes.
Compartments
Major Cellular Compartments
Organelle Number/Volume
Take a typical mammalian liver cell.... Table 12-2. Relative Amounts of Membrane Types in Two Kinds of Eucaryotic Cells
Nuclear Compartment
(MH - you will not see chromosomes in interphase nuclei only during mitosis) Cytoplasmic Compartment
Functional compartments (you cannot see a membrane)
Membrane FunctionsCell membrane (Plasma membrane , plasmalemma) encloses or covers all cell types.
Internal membranes
Membrane ComponentsModel of Cell (plasma) membrane structure
Phospholipids
Phospholipid Orientation
Links: MBoC - Three views of a cell membrane | MBoC - Phospholipid structure and the orientation in membranes
Membrane ProteinsModel of membrane proteins and dimensions
Membrane Cholesterol
Note - bacterial membranes (except for Mycoplasma and some methylotrophic bacteria) have no sterols, they lack the enzymes required for sterol biosynthesis. Model of Cell (plasma) membrane structure Links: MBoC Figure 10-9. Cholesterol in a lipid bilayer Bacterial Membranes
(Named after - Hans Christian Gram (1853–1938), a Danish scientist.) Membrane FeaturesFluidityMembranes can demonstrate both high fluidity and fixed domains (regions)???
Specializations
Adhesion SpecializationsA series of different types of proteins and cytoskeleton associations forming different classes of adhesion junctions
TransportThree major forms of transport across the membrane
Ion Channels
Additional InformationThe material below is not part of the actual lecture and is provided for background information and student self-directed learning purposes. Cell Apoptosis - programmed cell death
Link: Time-lapse movie of human HeLa cells undergoing apoptosis | Example of early apoptotic blebbing | PMID 16129889 | PMID 18073771 Cystic Fibrosis - membrane transport disease
Ion Channel Types3 rapid + 1 slow gate (gap junction)
Textbook ReferencesHere are some Cell Biology online textbooks for further general reading on these topics.
Search Online Textbooks
Historic PapersBelow are some example historical research finding related to cell membranes from the JCB Archive and other sources.
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- Draft - this online lecture is currently in 2019 draft status. This notice removed when completed.
Cells and Membranes: 1 Cells and sizes | 2 Prokaryotes | 3 Viruses and prions | 4 Plasma membrane | 5 Compartments | 6 Membrane structure | 7 Membrane specialisations | Foundations - Moodle |