Histology - "The study of cells and tissue on the microscopic level".
This lecture and practical is designed to introduce the tissue structure of the body. Begin by thinking of the whole body as a series of different specialized structures made up by combinations of just four basic tissues.
Page Links: Introduction | Lecture Slides | UNSW Online Resources | Online Textbooks | Virtual Slidebox of Histology | GIT Histology | Slides Text Only | Related Topics | Related WWW Links
Link to lecture slides allows you to open and view the slides in your web browser or download the PDF document for later viewing/printing. Download Acrobat Reader 6.0
Lecture Slides 1/page (viewing only, 1.9 Mb)
The following links should also be of help for your other practical Foundations - Histology and Pathology of Stomach.
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Virtual Slidebox of Histology by System - Gastrointestinal tract |
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Click image to see full size |
Gastrointestinal Tract
Four main layers along entire length - mucosa, submucosa, muscularis, adventitia
Mucosa
changes surface specializations and glands at different GIT Levels
3 main layers - epithelium, lamina propria, muscularis mucosae
epithelium - invaginates to form glands that extend into lamina propria (mucosal glands) or through to submucosa (submucosal glands)
lamina propria - contains glands and immune related cells (lymphocytes, plasma cells, macrophages)
muscularis mucosae - thin smooth muscle layer is boundary to submucosa
Submucosa - connective tissue, blood vessels
Muscularis - 2 smooth muscle layers (internal circular, external longitudinal) and associated nerve plexuses
The University of NSW currently has a site licence for the Virtual Slidebox. The links below are to the internet version available from the The University of Iowa. A selection of different tissues from this large set will be used in your practical class.
Virtual Slidebox | Virtual Slidebox of Histology
Virtual Slidebox of Histology Practical Slides
Skin | Esophagus | Gallbladder | Lymph node | Lymph node-silver stain | Hyaline cartilage | Decalcified rib, bone marrow | Skeletal-smooth-cardiac muscle |
Virtual Slidebox of Histology by System
Below are links to sample images of Histology slides by Tissue.
Epithelia | Connective Tissue | Muscle | Nerve | Cartilage and Bone | Glands |
The Department of Anatomy UNSW also has an excellent Histology Program under development "The Fabric of Life", for more details contact Dr B. Freeman.
NCBI MBoC | Publisher (Garland) MBoC
Image: The family of connective-tissue cells
Image: Capillaries.
Image: Diagram of a small artery in cross section.
The
Cells of the Vertebrate Body Exhibit More Than 200 Different Modes of Specialization
Search Links: Histology
NCBI
MCB | Publisher
(Freeman) MCB
Links to related WWW sites with Histological images.
Note that all internet links change with time if link does not work use text shown to search WWW.
University of WA- Department of Anatomy and Human Biology Blue Histology Notes
Loyola University Medical Education Network LUMEN- Histology
University of Kansas Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology JayDoc HistoWeb
Histology: Cells and Tissues
Dr Mark Hill
Department of Anatomy
School of Medical Sciences
Histology: Cells and Tissues
Lecture Overview
Histology
"The study of cells and tissue on the microscopic level"
Objectives
Organisation of the body into cells, extracellular matrix and fluids
Histological basis for classification of the basic tissues of the body
Organs of the body are composed of specific arrangements of basic tissues
Different basic tissues: epithelium, connective tissue, muscle, and nervous tissue
UNSW Cell Biology Online
External Resources in Lecture
UWA Blue Histology
http://www.lab.anhb.uwa.edu.au/mb140/
Carol Lazar Histology Drawings
Textbooks
Molecular Biology of the Cell 4
Molecular Cell Biology
Histology - Ross& Romrel
Movie: Mitosis GIT
Movie: Embryo Mitosis
Embryonic Origins
Initially three simple layers form all body structures
Two epithelia and one embryonic connective tissue
Ectoderm
Mesoderm
Endoderm
Embryonic Layers
Tissues/Organs
What is a tissue?
Cells grouped or organised together to have a specific function.
All organs
consist of mixtures of these cellular tissues and their associated extracellular matrix.
Histological Stains
Microscopic identification of structure
tissue fixation and specific stains/dyes
Haemotoxilyn + Eosin (H&E)
Hematoxylin
dark purplish dye
stain chromatin (nuclear material) within nucleus a deep purplish-blue colour
Eosin
orangish-pink to red dye
stains cytoplasmic material including connective tissue and collagen, a orange-pink counterstain
Four basic tissue types
Epithelial Tissue
Connective Tissue
Muscular Tissue
Nervous Tissue
1. Epithelium
Cover body surfaces
Lines body cavities
Form glands
Avascular (no blood vessels)
Epithelium
Classified by their microscopic layers and cell shape
Simple, Stratified
Squamous, Cuboidal, Columnar
Pseudostratified, Transitional
Polarised Cellular Structure
Free apical
Basolateral membrane adhesions
Basal specialized extracellular matrix - basement membrane
Apical Specializations
Microvilli (actin), increase surface area
Stereocilia (actin) only epididymis, inner ear
Cilia (microtubules), motile, 9+2
Basolateral Membrane Adhesions
Many different forms of cell-cell and cell-matrix adhesions
Glands
Epithelial cells that make and secrete substances
Exocrine (surface) through ducts or tubes
Endocrine (into connective tissue then blood) no ducts
Classified by microscopic appearance
Gland Types
Cell Number (unicellular, multicellular)
Duct Branching (simple, compound)
Secretory Cell Shape (tubular, acinar, alveolar)
These can then be organised into specific combinations
Gland Secretion
Two main types
Mucous - viscous, glycoproteins
Serous - watery, proteins
2. Connective Tissue (CT)
Cells embedded in extracellular matrix
Extracellular fibers, ground substance, tissue fluid
Classified by cell, fiber and ground substance type
Family of Connective Tissue Cells
Connective Tissue - Artery
Connective Tissue Types
Connective Tissue Proper
Loose and dense connective tissue
Adipose
Cartilage
Bone
Blood
Connective Tissue Fibers
Secreted by fibroblasts
Collagen - flexible, tensile strength (eosin acid dye)
Reticular - type 3 collagen, supportive
Elastic - flexible, stretch
Ground Substance
Proteoglycans, Hylauronic Acid
Generally lost in histological staining
Large space-filling molecules
CT Cells
Fibroblasts, myofibroblasts (synthesis, contractile, wound healing)
Macrophages (phagocytosis)
Mast Cells (immune response)
Adipose Cells (fat storage)
Lymphocytes (immune response)
Plasma Cells
Other Blood Cells - Eosinophils, Monocytes, Neutrophils, Basophils
CT - Adipose
Fat storing cells and rich vascularisation
Fat - calorie storage for energy, cushioning, insulation
White - adult
Brown - fetal, newborn (metabolism produces heat)
CT - Cartilage
CT - Bone
3. Muscle Tissue
Striated or smooth
Actin/myosin contractile filaments, different organisation
Skeletal (striated)
Cardiac (striated)
Smooth
Skeletal Muscle - Striations
Muscle - Striated
Muscle - Smooth
4. Nervous Tissue
Neuron (functional) and glia (supporting) cells
Central nervous system (CNS) - brain and spinal cord
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) cranial and spinal nerves, ganglia, motor and sensory endings
Neurons
Polarised cells
Dendrites, cell body, axon
Classified by number of processes from cell body
Synapse - chemical communication between cells (+/-)
Do not divide
Glia
Physical support
Insulation
Nutrition
Neural - Spinal Cord
Neural - Myelination
epithelium, connective tissue, muscle, and nervous tissue
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As part of your Foundations course I will be giving you a lecture to introduce you to Histology, the microscopic organisation of cells together to form the tissues and organs of the body. Another excellent introductory online resource is UWA Blue Histology Notes.
Note that Histology is covered by many good whole textbooks, therefore do not expect a detailed coverage in any one lecture. Science students (see lecture links) receive several lectures to cover aspects of this topic.
Please note the different spellings that will give different search results: Prokaryotes / Procaryotes, Eukaryotes/Eucaryotes Use the study guides or links to look for more information.
Please email Dr Mark Hill if you wish to make a comment about this current project.